Valuing Hard-to-value Intangibles: A Review of Methods, Challenges and Emerging Trends
Maringa Elijah Kihooto *
University of Kigali, Rwanda.
Bugingo Emmanuel
Department of Information Technology, University of Kigali, Rwanda.
Mpakaniye Jean Paul
INES-Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Hard to Value Intangibles valuation has become a major concern in finance. This is due to uncertainty, lack of comparables assets combined with high potential for super returns. These assets include digital platforms, data assets, algorithms and proprietary technologies which pose challenges in transfer pricing. These assets are quite challenging to value by regulators, financial analysts, businesses and tax authorities. This paper reviews methods used to value intangible, both traditional and contemporary. It also considers emerging trends in the valuation of intangibles.
Keywords: Intangible assets, transfer pricing, patents, traditional valuation, contemporary valuation